Canada
While Congress gradually adopted the regular units raised by each colony, various "special" units were also recruited for Canada. Some, such as Duggan's Corps, were never completed and a few only ever existed on paper. Among the more organized were the Green Mountain Boys from the New Hampshire Grants (now Vermont). Raised illegally before the war to defend the Grants from incursions by New Yorkers, its knowledge of wilderness fighting prompted Congress to let Schuyler formalize the unit as a seven-company battalion, each with three officers and 70 men, commanded by a lieutenant colonel and a major. At the end of 1775, Congress formally authorized the creation of an eight-company unit from the Canadians recruited by Livingston during the autumn. This later became the 1st Canadian Regiment, and included former soldiers of the Compagnies Franche de la Marine who had settled in Canada. Being French born, rather than Canadian, they were less reluctant to fight the British. The 1st Canadian Regiment appears to have peaked at 200 all ranks. The 2nd Canadian Regiment was authorized in February 1776 and raised at Montreal by Moses Hazen. It adopted a French regimental structure, having a colonel and lieutenant colonel, and four battalions, each commanded by a major, and containing five companies of three officers and 50 enlisted men. However, probably only one battalion was ever raised. Because Hazen was never reimbursed for the costs of recruiting the unit, he retained proprietary control, hence the unit survived the disbandment of the more senior 1st Canadian Regiment, retained its French structure, and later had the pick of the foreigners in the Continental Army.Arnold's command
The 1,100 men who marched through Maine were all volunteers (in fact, so many volunteered that they had to be chosen by lot). There were two, five-company battalions of musketeers, drawn from all four New England colonies, and three companies of riflemen - two of Pennsylvanians, one of Virginians - drawn from the rifle regiment raised by Congress. These latter were frontiersmen, ideally equipped for the journey: some Pennsylvanians marched 450 miles (725km) in 26 days to reach Boston; the Virginians covered 600 (965km) miles in three weeks.The two New England battalions were led by lieutenant colonels Christopher Greene (brother of Nathaniel) and Roger Enos. Greene was 38, a former militia major, who owned sawmills and forges in Rhode Island; Enos, 46, was a veteran of the French and Indian War. Their deputies were majors Timothy Bigelow, a Massachusetts blacksmith, and Return Jonathan Meigs, of Connecticut. The ten captains included Henry Dearborn, a young doctor and veteran of Bunker Hill; Simeon Thayer, a wig maker and former Roger's Ranger; Samuel Ward, the son of a former governor of Rhode Island and just 19, and William Goodrich, who had connections with the Stockbridge tribe. The riflemen were led by Daniel Morgan, and two wildly contrasting Pennsylvanians - Matthew Smith, a hard drinker and fighter, and the quiet, courteous William Hendricks.
Arnold also had a small staff- his secretary, Eleazer Oswald; the brigade major, Danish engineer Christian Febiger; a chaplain, the 29-year-old firebrand Samuel Spring; Dr Isaac Senter, seven years younger and one of the first surgeons appointed to the Continental Army; and Aaron Burr, described by John Hancock as a "gentleman of reputation." Two women also accompanied the expedition; both were wives of Pennsylvanian riflemen and, apparently, every bit as tough.
Arnold's fleet on Lake Champlain consisted of 17 vessels - three schooners, one sloop, one cutter, two row galleys, two galleys, and eight "gundalows" (gondolas). Of these, 15 fought at Valcour; of the other two, one schooner was converted to carry stores and act as a hospital ship, and one "gundalow" was still fitting out at Skenesboro. Due to the difficulties in recruiting experienced sailors willing to take on the Royal Navy, most of the crews were soldiers, including a draft of 300 men from two New Hampshire regiments. It is unclear how near Arnold got to his official complement of 915 men, although the "gundalow" Philadelphia apparently was missing only one man from its establishment of 45.
